Trends in potential evapostranspiration deficit (PED), 1972–2016. Soil moisture is vital for plant growth. When plants cannot access the water they need, growth is reduced,...

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is an important predictor of how tropical oceans and climate might influence New Zealand’s climate. Being able to predict the timing and...

Interpolated PED values at 30 regionally representative sites. Soil moisture is vital for plant growth. When plants cannot access the water they need, growth is reduced,...

Potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED) can be thought of as a drought index. It is the difference between how much water could potentially be lost from the soil through...